|
Sarah Winnemucca (born ''Thocmentony'' or ''Tocmetone'',〔Ontko, Gale. ''Thunder Over the Ochoco,'' Volume I: ''The Gathering Storm'', p. 404. Bend, OR: Maverick Publications, Inc., 1997.〕 Paiute: "Shell Flower") (ca. 1844 – October 16, 1891) was a prominent female Paiute activist and educator; she helped gain release of her people from the Yakima Reservation following the Bannock War of 1878, lectured widely in the East in 1883 on injustices against Native Americans in the West, established a private school for Indian students in Nevada, and was an influential figure in the development of the United States' 19th-century Indian policies. Winnemucca was notable as having published the "first known autobiography written by a Native American woman."〔(''Voices from the Gaps:'' "Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins" ), University of Minnesota website, accessed 11 February 204〕 Her book, ''Life Among the Paiutes: Their Wrongs and Claims'' (1883), is both a memoir and history of her people during their first forty years of contact with European Americans. Anthropologist Omer Stewart described it as "one of the first and one of the most enduring ethnohistorical books written by an American Indian," frequently cited by scholars.〔(Omer Stewart, Review: "Gae Whitney Canfield, 'Sarah Winnemucca of the Northern Paiutes', Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma, 1983" ), ''Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology,'' 5(2), 1983, accessed 12 February 2014〕 Since the late 20th century, Winnemucca has received renewed attention for her contributions. In 1993 she was inducted posthumously into the Nevada Writers Hall of Fame. In 2005, the state of Nevada contributed a statue of her by sculptor Benjamin Victor to the National Statuary Hall Collection in the U.S. Capitol. ==Early life and education== Born "somewhere near 1844" at Humboldt Lake in what is now western Nevada, Sarah Winnemucca was the daughter of Chief Winnemucca (''Poito''), a Shoshone who had joined the Paiute through marriage,〔 and ''Tuboitonie''. Sarah had an older sister Mary,〔(Gae Whitney Canfield, ''Sarah Winnemucca of the Northern Paiutes'' ), University of Oklahoma Press, 1988, p. 44〕 younger brother Natchez〔 and sister Elma.〔Canfield (1988), ''Sarah Winnemucca'', p. 49〕 (Although Sarah later said that her father was chief of all of the Northern Paiute, the Paiute had no such centralized leadership. Her father, though influential, was the war chief of a small band of about 150 people.〔Canfield (1988), ''Sarah Winnemucca'', p. 94〕) Sarah's grandfather, ''Tru-ki-zo'' or ''Truckee'' (meaning "good" in the Paiute language, or derived from ''Tro-kay'', which means "hello" ), had established positive relations with the European Americans who started exploring in the area. He guided Captain John C. Frémont during his 1843–45 survey and map-making expedition across the Great Basin to California. Later, Truckee fought in the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), earning many white friends and leading the way for his extended family's relationships with European Americans. At the age of six, Sarah traveled with her family to near Stockton, California, where the adults worked in the cattle industry. In 1857, their grandfather arranged for Sarah (then 13) and her sister Elma to live and work in the household of William Ormsby and his wife; he had a hotel and was a civic leader of Carson City, Nevada, and the couple wanted a companion for their daughter, Lizzie. The Winnemucca girls also did work in the house. They had a chance to improve their English and learn more about European-American ways.〔Canfield (1983), ''Sarah Winnemucca'', p. 11〕 Sarah particularly began to be at ease in going back and forth between Paiute and European-American culture. She was one of the few Paiute in Nevada who knew how to read and write English, and her family all spoke English.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sarah Winnemucca」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|